On 29 August 2024, the Coroner handed down her findings in the inquest into the death of AS.
Content Warning: This case note discusses suicide, self-harm and gender identity discrimination. Readers may find it distressing.
In this case, Justice See Kee Oon of the Supreme Court of Singapore (the Court) declined to declare section 377A of the Penal Code, which criminalises acts of "gross indecency" – sex between consenting adult men – unconstitutional. Despite the law's origins under British colonial administration, the Court ultimately found that section 377A did not constitute an unlawful infringement on the rights of gay and bisexual men in modern day Singapore.
Read MoreIn a unanimous decision, the United Kingdom Supreme Court overturned the decision of the Northern Ireland Court of Appeal that found a bakery's refusal to supply a cake with the message "support gay marriage" to a gay man amounted to direct discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation. The United Kingdom Supreme Court found that the bakery's refusal was centred on promoting the message and the bakers would have come to the same decision regardless of who requested it. In the Court's opinion it did not amount to discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation, or religious beliefs or political opinion.
Read MoreA landmark decision of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal has found that the Director of Immigration acted unlawfully by administering an immigration policy in a manner that discriminated against same-sex couples. The policy had prevented dependant visas from being granted to the same-sex spouse of a person resident in Hong Kong on an employment visa.
Read MoreIn two recent decisions, the Supreme Court of Canada (“Court”) held that the law societies of British Columbia and Ontario were entitled to deny accreditation to a law school which required its students, on religious grounds, to adhere to a covenant allowing sexual intimacy only between a married man and woman.
Read MoreIn a 7-2 decision, the US Supreme Court overturned a decision of the Colorado Civil Rights Commission that a baker could not refuse to sell a wedding cake to a same-sex couple.
Read MoreThe Family Court of Australia has declared that transgender young people diagnosed with gender dysphoria no longer need to apply to the Court for Stage 3 treatment where the transgender teenager has been diagnosed with gender dysphoria, the transgender teenager's treating practitioners agree that the child is Gillick competent and there is no controversy regarding the application.
Read MoreThe Court of Justice of the European Union has held that subjecting an asylum seeker to psychological tests, designed to provide an indication of their sexual orientation, breaches their right to respect for private and family life under Article 7 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights.
Read MoreThe Full Family Court of Australia has held that Stage 2 hormone treatment for transgender young people does not require the court’s authorisation. Court intervention will remain necessary where there is controversy or disagreement between parents or between treating doctors and parents.
Until this case, it is understood that Australia was the only jurisdiction in the world to require transgender young people to seek court authorisation to access treatment. This has drawn criticism from doctors, parents and advocates for unnecessarily increasing mental health risks for transgender young people.
Read MoreThe Inter-American Court of Human Rights has recognised the obligation of all member States to ensure same-sex marriages are protected by law and treated equally to heterosexual marriages. The Court also called for member States to put in place an administrative procedure to allow a person to easily change their registered personal information to correspond with their own self-perceived gender identity.
Read MoreOn 20 June 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that Russia's so-called "gay propaganda" laws breached Articles 10 (freedom of expression) and 14 (prohibition of discrimination) of the European Convention of Human Rights. The challenge was brought by three Russian nationals who are gay rights activists and were fined for allegedly promoting homosexuality while demonstrating in public places.
Read MoreThe German Federal Constitutional Court has ruled that the existing law dictating binary gender options in the birth registry is unconstitutional. The Court found that sections of the Civil Status Act that forced people to nominate as either "male", "female" or without a gender were a violation of the Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany, specifically the general right to personality and the protection against discrimination based on sex.
Read MoreIn M105/M106, the High Court dismissed two legal challenges to the Government's plan to carry out a voluntary postal survey on whether the law should be changed to allow same-sex couples to marry. The plaintiffs challenged the survey on the basis that it was not lawfully funded.
Read MoreThe UN Human Rights Committee has held that Australia violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights by failing to provide access to divorce proceedings for same-sex couples married overseas. The Committee reasoned that the differential treatment of same-sex couples as compared with overseas polygamous and adolescent marriages (between persons aged from 16 to 18 years) constituted discrimination under article 26 of the Covenant.
Read MoreThe US Supreme Court has held that different citizenship rules for children of unmarried mothers and fathers unlawfully infringes the Fifth Amendment’s guarantee of equal gender protection. However, the Court determined that the less favourable test should be followed, resulting in the respondent's deportation from the United States.
Read MoreIn a complex case, the Family Court in England has ordered that a transgender mother is not permitted to have direct contact with her five practising, ultra-orthodox Jewish children, on the basis that the benefits to the children of resuming contact would be outweighed by the harmful community reaction to the children and their family. However, the Court ordered that indirect contact four times a year be allowed.
Read MoreSummary
The Court of Appeal in Northern Ireland has upheld that a Christian-run bakery was guilty of discrimination after they refused to make a cake containing the message “Support Gay Marriage”.
Ray Fuller v Loretta E Lynch, Attorney General of the United States, 833 F.3d 866 (7th Cir, 2016)
The United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit has refused to review the case of a person seeking asylum, despite the man's fear of persecution should he be returned to Jamaica. Ray Fuller testified that he identified as bisexual and there was evidence he was at risk of harassment and torture.
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This appeal was brought in the Rovereto Court (Court) by a teacher employed by the Institute of the Daughters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus (Institute) in Rovereto, located in Northern Italy.
The European Court of Human Rights (the Court) has delivered a judgment protecting the rights of children born as a result of international commercial surrogacy to have their relationships with their biological parents legally recognised. The Court unanimously found that refusal by French authorities to transcribe the birth certificates of children born under surrogacy agreements in India violated the children's right to respect for private life under Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention). The judgment resolves past uncertainty as to whether the Court's earlier decisions on surrogacy would extend to same-sex families.
Read MoreThe European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) has held that immigration detention of an LGBTI Iranian person seeking asylum in Hungary contravened article 5(1) of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (the Convention).
Read MoreThe UK High Court held that the enactment of same-sex marriage legislation in 2013 did not render restrictions on opposite-sex couples entering into civil partnerships incompatible with the European Convention of Human Rights.
Read MoreThe parents of a 16 year old child (identifying as male) sought a declaration that their son was competent to consent to stage two cross-sex hormone treatment for gender dysphoria. Justice Bennett of the Family Court of Australia followed the approach set out by the Full Court of the Family Court in Re: Jamie [2013] FamCAFC 110 (Re Jamie) of considering whether the child was competent to consent to the treatment according to the test in Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority [1986] AC 112. While considering herself bound by Re Jamie, her Honour expressed strong criticism of the Full Court’s decision and of the current position under Australian law which requires a court authorisation before stage two treatment for gender dysphoria can be undertaken.
Read MoreJustice Buchanan of the Federal Court has set aside a decision of the Chief of Defence Force (“CDF”) that terminated the commission of Bernard Gaynor, a Major in the Australian Army Reserve of Roman Catholic faith, due to Gaynor’s public comments on social media and his personal website. His Honour held that the decision to terminate Gaynor’s commission imposed an unreasonable burden on the implied constitutional freedom of political communication.
Read MoreThe recent decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in Obergefell v Hodges is a landmark victory that activists have been working towards for over a decade. In a 5-4 judgment the Supreme Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution requires States of the United States to licence marriage equality.
Read MoreThe European Court of Human Rights has concluded that Italy must provide legal recognition of same-sex couples. The ruling confirmed that Italy, by denying recognition to same-sex couples, was in violation of Article 8 of the European Convention on Human Rights, which provides for the right to respect for privacy and family life.
Read MoreIn June 2015, a jury unanimously found in favour of five plaintiffs who filed a suit claiming that counselling and therapy provided by JONAH (Jews Offering New Alternatives for Healing) contravened New Jersey consumer fraud legislation. The plaintiffs claimed that JONAH engaged in misrepresentations and unconscionable commercial practices by claiming that homosexuality was a mental disorder and that JONAH’s services could reduce or eliminate this disorder. A jury found unanimously in favour of the plaintiffs and awarded a total of US $72,400 in damages.
Read MoreThe Family Court of Australia has found that 15 year old “Jamie”, the subject of the often-cited decision of the Full Court of the Family Court in Re: Jamie [2013] FamCAFC 110 (Re Jamie 2013), was competent to consent to the stage two treatment for gender dysphoria and authorised her to make her own decision in relation to that treatment. This case is one of many being heard by the Family Court following the decision in Re Jamie 2013 that whilst court authorisation is unnecessary for stage one treatment for gender dysphoria, the nature of stage two treatment requires the Court to determine the child’s “Gillick competence” to make the decision.
Read MoreA recent decision of the High Court of Australia allows the partial defence of provocation to be left to a jury in circumstances where the accused claims to have been provoked by a non-violent homosexual advance.
Read MoreFrench health policy imposes a life-time ban on blood donations from men who have sex with men. Asked to consider the legality of such a ban, the European Court of Justice held that the policy was discriminatory, but may be justifiable on the basis of public health. Whether it is justifiable will depend on the prevalence of HIV in the country and the availability of less onerous means of protecting blood supplies. The Court referred the matter back to the Administrative Tribunal for determination.
Read MoreThe recent decision of the Kenyan High Court in Eric Gitari v Non-Governmental Organisations Co-ordination Board & 4 Others [2015] eKLR is an important victory for the right to freedom of association, and for gay and lesbian people in Kenya. The decision is part of a broader trend of African-based LGBTIQ groups using the courts to protect human rights.
Read MoreThe UK High Court of Justice has held that the right to have one's private life respected under article 8 of the European Convention of Human Rights (ECHR) does not extend to the right of a transgender woman to amend her children’s birth certificates to reflect her transition.
Read MoreThe European Court of Justice examined Dutch authorities’ assessment of the credibility of men seeking asylum on the basis of feared persecution because of their declared homosexuality. The Court found that assessment of the credibility of a person’s claim to be homosexual should be sensitive to individual circumstances, not based on stereotypes, and consistent with fundamental human rights.
Read MoreThe Victorian Court of Appeal has found in favour of a group of young same-sex attracted people in their dispute with a Christian camp provider, in an important test of the religious exemptions under the Equal Opportunity Act 1995 (Vic).
Read MoreThe Supreme Court of India has ruled that transgender persons have a right to be legally recognised according to their self-identified gender, including a third gender. Failure to provide such legal recognition amounts to a breach of the right to equality before the law, non-discrimination on the basis of sex and the right to life and liberty with dignity.
Read MoreThe High Court of Australia has held that NSW births, deaths and marriages law recognises that a person’s sex may be other than male or female, and that the NSW Registrar has the power to register someone’s sex as “non-specific”.
Read MoreThe High Court of Australia has held that a law recognising same-sex marriage in the Australian Capital Territory was inconsistent with Commonwealth legislation and therefore was invalid. The High Court also stated unanimously that the Commonwealth has the power to legislate with respect to marriage equality pursuant to s 51(xxi) of the Constitution (the marriage power).
Read MoreThe Supreme Court in the United Kingdom recently upheld a ruling by the Court of Appeal that hotel owners Peter and Hazelmary Bull, a Christian couple, discriminated against homosexual couple Martin Hall and Stephen Preddy on the grounds of sexual orientation, when they refused to rent them a double room in their hotel.
Read MoreGreece introduced ‘civil unions’ as an official form of partnership other than marriage for different-sex couples only. The applicants challenged the civil union law on the basis that it breached the prohibition on discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation and the right to respect for privacy and family life under the European Convention on Human Rights (Convention). The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) held that the law’s differential treatment of same-sex couples was not proportionate to the aims of protecting marriage and the family “in the traditional sense”. The law therefore breached Article 8 in conjunction with Article 14 of the Convention.
Read MoreM.I. v Sweden, UN Doc CCPR/C/108/D/2149/2012 (14 August 2013)
The United Nations Human Rights Committee found that the deportation of M.I., a Bangladesh national, by Sweden to Bangladesh would constitute a violation of article 7 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights because of the risk to M.I. of torture and other cruel, inhumane or degrading treatment or punishment if she were returned to Bangladesh.
Read MoreUnited States v Windsor, No. 12-307 (US Supreme Court, 26 June 2013
The Supreme Court of the United States has found the Defense of Marriage Act (DOMA), which defined “marriage” and “spouse” as excluding same-sex partners, unconstitutional. The Court held DOMA to be a deprivation of the equal liberty of persons, which is protected by the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Read MoreNorrie v NSW Registrar of Births, Deaths and Marriages [2013] NSWCA 145 (31 May 2013)
The NSW Court of Appeal has recognised that “sex” can mean more than male and female, allowing for the legal recognition of individuals who identify as neither. Asked to interpret the word “sex” in the Births, Deaths and Marriages Registration Act 1995 (NSW), the Court overturned a decision of the Administrative Decisions Tribunal Appeals Panel ruling that, contrary to the Appeals Panel decision, it was open to the Registrar to register as person’s sex as “non-specific”.
Read MoreCore Issues Trust v Transport for London [2013] EWHC 651 (Admin) (22 March 2013)
The English High Court of Justice held that Transport for London's decision to prevent the Core Issues Trust from advertising a confrontational message against lesbians, gay men, bisexual and transgender individuals on London's bus network did not contravene Transport for London's duty to act compatibly with the European Convention on Human Rights.
Read MoreX v Austria [2013] ECHR 057
The Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights has found that where second-parent adoption is available for unmarried different-sex couples, the impossibility of second-parent adoption by same sex couples is discriminatory and violates articles 8 and 14 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
Read MoreSummary On 11 October the secular High Court in Seremban, Negeri Sembilan state, in Malaysia rejected a request to declare unconstitutional a Sharia law that prohibits “wearing women’s attire” or “posing as a woman” in that State. The four applicants are Muslim transgender women who have all been arrested under this law and contend that it violates their fundamental rights enshrined in the Malaysian Constitution, namely the prohibition of discrimination based on gender, freedom of expression, freedom of movement, and the rights to live with dignity, privacy, and to livelihood.
Read MoreX v Turkey [2012] ECHR 24626 (9 October 2012)
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Bull & Bull v Hall & Preddy [2012] EWCA Civ 83 (10 February 2012) Summary
The England and Wales Court of Appeal held that a hotel policy of providing double rooms only to married persons constituted unlawful direct discrimination on the grounds of sexual orientation against persons in a civil partnership. The hoteliers submitted that the policy, a manifestation of their genuinely held religious beliefs, was protected by articles 8 and 9 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The Court held that, to the extent that anti-discrimination regulations limit such manifestation, the limitations were necessary in a democratic society for the protection of the rights and freedoms of same-sex couples.
Read MoreVejdeland & Ors v Sweden [2012] ECHR 242 (9 February 2012)
The European Court of Human Rights has rejected an application brought by four Swedish nationals who were convicted under Swedish domestic law for making offensive and prejudicial comments against homosexuals. The applicants sought an order from the Court that the convictions violated their freedom of expression as protected under Article 10 of the European Convention of Human Rights. The decision constitutes the first time the Court has applied principles relating to hate speech to comments made against homosexuals.
Read MoreAB v Western Australia [2011] HCA 42 (6 October 2011)
The High Court delivered a unanimous judgment affirming the right of transgender people to have their gender officially recognised after undergoing medical or surgical procedures, even if not all of their reproductive organs have been altered. The Court emphasised the purpose of the Gender Reassignment Act 2000 (WA) to alleviate suffering and discrimination transgender people face in society by providing legal recognition of their self-identification and perception of gender.
Read MoreIn the Matter of Marriage Commissioners Appointed Under The Marriage Act, 1995, 2011 SKCA 3 (10 January 2011)
In a landmark ruling, the Court of Appeal for Saskatchewan, In the Matter of Marriage Commissioners Appointed Under The Marriage Act, 1995 (Marriage Commissioner Case), held that that a marriage commissioner’s refusal to solemnize same-sex marriage on the basis of religious beliefs is unlawful. The Court held that two proposed amendments to the Marriage Act 1995 would offend the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and, if enacted, ‘would violate the equality rights of gay and lesbian individuals’.
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